Carbon tax the importance of reducing greenhouse gas emissions tax system _698

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Carbon tax: the importance of reducing greenhouse gas emissions tax system
 
 
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Earth's natural greenhouse effect is a balance of energy an important part of the system. To the 19th century is not the genius of the Swedish scientist Arrhenius (SvanteArrhenius), also proposed the possibility of man-made greenhouse effect, that the process of fossil fuel combustion emissions from CO2 (carbon dioxide), the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere will increase Climate warming will bring, that whenever the atmospheric CO2 concentration increase of 1 times, temperatures will rise 4-6 ℃ (DST-SUU, 1996). In the absence of atmospheric general circulation model of the complex case, the A's may only be called this assertion But in the nearly hundred years later, although there have been repeated, as in quite some time, people think of aerosols generated by industrial and agricultural production will cause climate cooling, climate warming and not attracted much attention. 7O's not up to the climate warming was again pay attention to. And to 1985, in a United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), World Meteorological Organization (WMO) International Council of Scientific Unions progenitor (ICSU) international conference held jointly, increasing concentration of greenhouse gases will cause global mean temperature rise view has been generally accepted, and become one of the focuses of the international community.
The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) second assessment report, greenhouse gases such as CO2, CH4 (methane) and N2O (nitrous oxide), the concentration in the atmosphere from the 18th century industrialization era, has been greatly increased. The reason, in large part by human activities, primarily fossil fuel use, land-use change and agriculture caused. Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases caused warming the atmosphere and the Earth's surface. Since the late 19th century, global average surface temperature has increased by 0.3-O.6 ℃; in the last 10O years, but also a corresponding rise in global sea level by 10-25 cm (IPCC, 1995). If they do not take appropriate measures. So that atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases based upon the current rate of increase, in another 50-100 years, global average temperatures will rise by 2-3 ℃, sea level will rise by 30-100 cm, so that the survival of human ecology and socio-economic systems are great harm. Particularly for developing countries, the situation is obviously more severe. Only one earth to reduce greenhouse gas emissions has become the international community faces a pressing problem.
1990, the Second World Climate Conference of the Ministerial Declaration and the Science and Technology Conference Declaration, initiated the development of the UNFCCC. December 1990, the 45th United Nations General Assembly decided to establish the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee on Climate Change. Since the beginning of February 1991, after 15 months a total of five rounds of negotiations, in May 9, 1992 formed the In the same year in June I held in Brazil in the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, opened for signature a . The Convention entered into force in 1995. In the same year as the first open meeting of the Parties to the Convention, after a heated debate by the famous part.) home (including the Western countries and countries with economies in transition) the provisions of the first reduction, and stressed that developing countries do not introduce any new commitments. To December 1997, also held in the said third of the Kyoto Conference of the Parties adopted the Based on 1990 average reduction of 5.2%.
As big developing countries China, the signing of the Announced that China will pursue sustainable development strategies. Them. Around the However, the And the United States Congress has explicitly declared that Should be The so-called restrictions (koppctal, 1998). From the fundamental point of view, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to avoid global warming and climate change caused by the disaster, including developing countries meet the interests of all countries; but realistic look. In turn reduce greenhouse gas emissions limit their economic and social development under the corresponding loss of interest, will affect the country's development and prospects. Positive view of this,You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login, that makes the greenhouse gas emissions is particularly complex, it would become a hot topic in the international community. Which in turn makes both greenhouse gas emissions into the environment - economic - political threefold nature of international issues. From this, in the prevention of climate change, we are faced with the dual pressures on the one hand over the emission of greenhouse gases will affect human survival terrestrial ecosystems and human social development hazards. Ultimately affect the health and even hinder economic development; the other hand, some developed countries ignore the reality of China, unrealistic pressure on China so that we are faced with intense international pressure. In this case, how to meet China's actual policy, the use of the necessary technical measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions growth rate, which naturally also includes the consideration of economic instruments.
to face the reality of China is made to coal-dominated energy structure is formed as the center of the city a major cause of serious air pollution, into the atmosphere from coal-fired 85% of the C02. Especially can not ignore is that the experience of world economic development data show that when per capita GDP countries and regions, from 500 to 3000 U.S. dollars in the development stage, often corresponds to population, resources, and environment during the most serious bottleneck. China is still a developing country, for economic development, improving living standards, energy consumption is bound to accelerate growth, the growth rate of greenhouse gas emissions will have rapid growth, China's greenhouse gas emissions should be a . At the same time. We must also soberly aware that the greenhouse effect, after all, could fundamentally jeopardize the survival of the human environment. In a sense, pressure is also the driving force in international cooperation to prevent climate change and struggle. China should be able to find a way conforms to China's sustainable development.
back to Arthur? Pigou to
appears in the classical economists, the air is free and goods: plant emissions of various pollutants can be free without having to pay any costs. From this, for the sewage plant, it's This is tantamount to mean that the private cost and social enterprise costs (those affected by pollution and the sum of business losses) between the differences. In other words, the so-called private economic activity is actually a difference in the cost of externalities. The difference was not reflected in production costs, but the smoke output of the factory has become a large consumer goods utility function of a harmful inputs. Externalities and public goods such like, but such public goods is harmful rather than beneficial, it should be called Pigou (Pigou) should say that first discovered the problem, in his famous The reason, he noted that the emergence of this phenomenon from the In the Pigovian view, or cost differences in the market itself is difficult to remove, this is due to the difference between the cost of the pollution or the product manufacturer and the consumer has no direct relationship. External costs, making the pollution is not to affect the product transactions between producers and consumers to achieve. Clearly, the existence of pollution profitable companies, but a negative impact to society. The resulting Pigou believes it is because the marginal private and marginal social net output, net output deviated from the phenomenon, so has the need for state intervention and reasonable. He suggested that the Government should be based on the harm caused by pollution tax on polluters to tax in the form of private and social costs to make up the gap between the cost of the pollution added to the price of the product. This tax is called
regret is that people today, from the 1920 economic analysis of Pigouvian pollution started the first of its kind since nearly disappeared from half a century, until the 60's did not, some American economists, environmental pollution, economic analysis, systematic study, the use of general equilibrium analysis, the best way for pollution control. It should be said about the external costs of Pigovian tax forms to make it through the internal of the idea of ​​an environmental pollution, the basic framework of economic analysis. The basic characteristic is that for tax polluters rather than the victim. So called Rectorite criteria (Paretocriterion). In other words, the establishment of a carbon tax system and as a way to control CO2 emissions, can make the different enterprises according to their cost control to select the control volume. By contrast, Other controls, such as emissions standards, a fine, the amount of sewage control in the same case, the cost is relatively low. In this regard, BaumolandOates (1971), PearceandTumer (1990), quantitative analysis were very exciting. So people think that , a carbon tax can get the objectives and adjust the existing tax system distorted the economic performance of the dual effect.
order to find the best way to control pollution. BaumolandOates using general equilibrium approach (1981), the Pareto optimal allocation guidelines as a starting point, so that optimal Pigovian tax, as in the optimal pollution level is equal to the marginal external costs (the marginal pollution damage), the sewage charges (Zhang Fan, 1998):
MNPB = corporate marginal private net benefit
MEC = marginal external cost .
(1) business purpose to achieve the maximum benefit, the output should be extended to Qm; (2) to achieve the social optimum, when the MEC> MNPB should stop the continued expansion of production, the output of Q5; (3) as the purpose of achieving social optimum, so you can apply for tax t * Wm reduced the pollution from the W5. In other words: When the output of more than Q5, through levying losses become uneconomical to do so. It will consciously limit the Q5 output level, so that the level of pollution emission limit W5 level, ultimately achieving the purpose of reducing emissions.
Therefore, we can the following conclusions:
I. through the collection of Pigovian taxes. to achieve the optimal state of general equilibrium system;
Ⅱ. a flat tax. depends on the marginal damage of pollution, sewage and business independent of marginal revenue and marginal control;
Ⅲ. respond to the volume of sewage pollution tax levy, nothing to do with the enterprise product yield (Chen Ying, 1999).
apply tax policy to control greenhouse gas emissions can have different options, such as by taxing the carbon content or calories. tax to producers or consumers, as well as changes over time to determine the different tax rate. But the Theory of Environmental Economics, C02 emissions due to the carbon content of fuel is directly related to carbon taxes by more The more reasonable tax by calories from this tax is that people will be called A study shows that in the United States through an energy tax and stable cost of carbon emissions carbon tax should be higher than 20%. In recent years, especially the gas emissions and protect the global climate policies and measures proposed CO2 emissions tax levy is one of the core contents. Denmark in 1991, its parliamentary CO2 emissions by imposing taxes on the motion, can be said that Denmark was the first to implement a carbon tax countries, while the EU to consider introducing in its member countries a uniform carbon tax system to transfer security of consumer and producer behavior. here Regardless of its technical and policy on the feasibility of a carbon tax system can prove at least has attracted national attention, and some countries have started implementation. on the issue of carbon tax system in recent years, many scholars have begun to attract national attention, but more emphasis on the theoretical analysis is, as its China practical significance may yet to be further explored.
carbon tax aimed at correction of market failure caused by loss of efficiency. to achieve the optimal allocation of resources. Pigovian tax by the Government on the use of economic instruments in the market from a macro intervention Although the Government did not directly regulate the environment, but some economists, this appears superfluous, because they think the market can rationally self-eye environment and resource issues grams. the market price mechanism and technical progress to improve resource allocation efficiency. They do not deny the existence of public resources on the problem of market failure, but by clear property rights relations can be solved. When the property rights clearly defined, but with the right price rather than take the form of subsidies, the environmental degradation The problem will be solved (Andersonandleaf, 1991) that through ecological privatization, the environment and ecology is the resource integration into the economic system, through the free market approach to management of public resources, is called FreeMarketEnviromentalism). that view. more emphasis on the positive side configuration market efficiency, the paper is the empirical data used in the preference with the market, and one in the absence of clearly biased and difficult to avoid. They certainly ignore a problem, however, is a very important issue, the atmosphere is the total of all human resources, the definition of property rights is very difficult. Therefore, Fisher thought. we can not define a way to replace property tax Pigou (1981), in the issue of greenhouse gas emissions. carbon tax may not be the best but it is a more effective way. Pigovian taxes than the cost of management define property rights, but although there are no transaction costs, not to mention though Pigou tax is the government's intervention, However, this intervention is a macro intervention, rather than command and control type of intervention. The same is the market economy, its economic incentives to achieve optimal management of the environment as a policy tool. and can not be ignored is, full use of property clarity of the way. only in extreme conditions to achieve optimal emissions. However, it is necessary to point out that the total emissions cap in the case to determine, through the allocation of emission rights and emission rights trading system. In an ideal situation under the property management approach can also be used. to achieve the internalization of external costs.
beautiful implementation, but with a channel cross-resistance problems. in which the problem of asymmetric information should be many problems in the most difficult.
information makes the optimal tax rate is not sufficient to determine the group encountered great difficulties, so possible to make sure we are not Pareto optimal tax rate. implementing Pigouvian tax is to solve the problem of external costs, which need to know exactly the marginal external cost (MEC) and marginal private net benefit of enterprises (MNPB ), as a basis for formulating the optimal Pigovian tax. Here, the determination of the marginal external costs is particularly important, it is a prerequisite for development of Pigovian taxes. the so-called marginal external costs, in fact, refers to the marginal welfare loss of the victim , so that to determine the marginal external cost of pollution need to convert physical damage to people's reactions and feelings of damage. and to be measured in monetary form. This complex process, in theory, called - response material exposed by the exposure → → damage caused by the cost of money damages.
Obviously, the determination of the marginal external costs exist two such problems: 1. many aspects of the complexity of conversion; 2. understand the preferences of different interest group's preferences are likely to lead to differences in understanding of information.
Moreover, in the market economy, there is no business to report truthfully to the government the private costs and benefits of incentives. This requires the Government to emissions of enterprises to carry out regular periodic monitoring of their workload will be enormous, it may make the cost of a carbon tax large enough to outweigh the benefits collection point.
Also, a carbon tax will not become an obstacle to control of enterprises to enter , in particular, are on the rise in the economy of the expansion phase, the entry of new firms will definitely increase the total emissions, so that the marginal losses increase. Meanwhile, in the case of inflation, the role of a unified tax rate will be a corresponding weakening (Davicl, 1973 ). Moreover, a carbon tax is bound to the different impact of different interest groups to bring the chest, a corresponding imbalance in the interests of social equity issues. Symons (1994) and Smith (1994) analyzed and discussed from different angles of the carbon tax the impact of different income levels, most analysts considered the results of strength, relatively high income families, low-income families a larger proportion of the expenditure for fuel, which would impose a carbon tax as a greater loss suffered. Of course there are scholars put forward different views. levying tax break will also give greater influence to bring some industries, so the business requirements of Europe and the United States government on vulnerable industries, such as the coal industry, the implementation of tax exemption.
the existence of the limitations of Pigouvian taxes is inevitable, the question is how we understand and implement. Moreover, no defect does not exist in this world of things, the pursuit of perfection and complete understanding may be a misunderstanding. If we are not the absolute accuracy of the information required (which in reality is also possible), the information problem is not an absolute barrier. As for the tax arising from some of the negative impact will depend on the specific idea of ​​the government tax system design. In any case, should be placed in the presence of external circumstances, the market deviation from the Pareto optimal equilibrium in order to achieve Pareto optimal, the greenhouse gas emissions are carbon taxes, the internalization of external costs, after solving the problem of air pollution is one important way.
in China, currently implementing a charging system, 31 December 1978 the State Council approved and transmitted the environmental changes of the CPC Central Leading Group of the promulgated the implementation, means that the pollution levy system formally established in China run. From a policy point of view the meaning, this system provides economic incentives underlying principle is that those who created pollution, similar to the , said it more than a similar Pigovian tax, such as in government intervention, only parties involved in the sewage, without regard to property rights issues. But in practice, but with the Pigovian tax has a greater difference, because the emissions standards not necessarily Pareto optimal, and rates are not based on marginal revenue and marginal loss of balance as a basis between. But in any case charging system, the deterioration in the control of environmental pollution, and still play a positive role. However, from the reality and development, the China's environmental pollution problems are still facing serious challenges, so the control of environmental pollution problems to solve the problem of greenhouse gas emissions, but need to further intensify policy research. In the long run, the carbon tax levy may wish to discuss the issue. If no levy is necessary, the collection might bring some negative effects, as well as how the tax system designed to minimize its negative impact. in my opinion. Although there is considerable Pigovian tax limitations nature, but also for some industrial sectors, the competitiveness of export products have some impact, but China in the development of policies and measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, should a carbon tax as an important option to consider.
Finally, there necessary to point out that, because of climate change is a global environmental problem, the externality is a global externality, each country the equivalent of one business, the loss is global, so, in the strict sense, corresponding to discuss this issue should be a house meeting on the international carbon tax, only from the perspective of a country can not truly achieve the Pareto optimal. However, the reality we face is the world there is not a world government, so. carbon tax Also discussed mainly in the domestic level. In this regard, OECD member countries, some countries have been the introduction of a carbon tax, has been calling the necessary measures for international cooperation, through international cooperation, combined with a carbon tax.
① refers to Annex 1 countries