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Ribose in the protection of the role of cardiac function
 
 
  Keywords: ribose cardiac pentose phosphate pathway pentose phosphate pathway  summary of all the animals in the heart of the development are not good. After the re-perfused myocardial ischemia, myocardial ATP levels to go through it a few days to recover to normal levels. This paper reviews the ribose myocardial perfusion solution can significantly improve the recovery rate of ATP to promote ATP synthesis, and improve heart function. Article also elaborated on the clinical application ribose.   Effect of Ribose on Protecting Global Heart Function   D-ribose (D-Ribose) is a naturally occurring five-carbon aldose, in 1909 first as Levin (Levene ) and Jacobs (Jacobs) are identified. Fifty years after the use of glucose as a raw material of organic synthesis or by hydrolysis of nucleoside production, foreign eighties began fermentation. Now, the fermentation has reached a high level, new uses for the future to explore and create the conditions for the ribosome [1,2].   D-ribose before the main raw material used for the synthesis of vitamin B2, also reported in recent years can be used for synthesis of anti-virus, anti-tumor nucleoside drugs. In addition, it itself can also be used for the treatment of ischemic heart, the ability to improve cardiac tolerance to ischemia and improve the overall function of the heart; treatment of exercise-induced muscle pain, caused by defects in adenosine deaminase rigid, and the lack of intracellular phosphorylase caused by muscle pain and other [3]. Ribose in the protection of the following describes the role of cardiac function.   1 pentose phosphate pathway in the physiological function   pentose phosphate pathway is the sugar, fatty acids, purine nucleotides and pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism in the hub. By the uptake of glucose, glycogen breakdown or glucose produced by -6-- phosphate (G-6-P) mainly through glycolysis and aerobic oxidation. But there is one small part of the G-6-P into the pentose phosphate pathway. This means the first enzyme, glucose 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH, or G-6-PD) is the rate-limiting enzyme.   This approach has two main functions: (1) generate reducing equivalents. NADPH way to apply the synthesis of fatty acids and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) into the prototype also (GSH). The latter made through the glutathione peroxidase detoxification of oxygen free radicals is very important. (2) to generate ribose -5-- phosphate (R-5-P): R-5-P is an important pentose phosphate pathway intermediates. R-5-P can be transformed into 5 - phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP), which is the de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides, orotic acid into UTP precursors. It is also beneficial to purine bases (adenine and hypoxanthine) through the   2 myocardial pentose phosphate pathway   Table 1 in the cardiac pentose phosphate pathway enzyme activity in front of two [4]   advertising rental China Articles Online>> medicine>> Medical>> ribose in the protection of heart function in the role of ribose in the protection of heart function in the role of release time :2006-09-14 21:24  enzyme the number of animals (U / mg protein)  G-6-PDH 6-P-glucose dehydrogenase P1  guinea pigs 8 6.0 ± 0.46 11.6 ± 0.36 <0.000 5  Rat 28 4.0 ± 0.15 11.2 ± 0.25 <0.000 5  Rabbit 4 3.4 ± 0.77 12.2 ± 0.21 <0.000 5  dog 6 1.5 ± 0.19 8.8 ± 0.43 <0.000 5  cattle 4 1.6 ± 0.35 9.3 ± 0.50 <0.000 5  monkey 5 2.4 ± 0.59 5.0 ± 0.56 <0.025 0  were 16 3.4 ± 0.15 5.9 ± 0.27 <0.000 5   1 null hypothesis probability   3 to improve the use of experimental animals ribose heart   can skip using ribose pentose phosphate pathway rate-limiting step, resulting in the R-5-P can promote the synthesis of PRPP, which also increased the biosynthesis of adenosine, ATP, to promote synthesis, and improve heart function is very helpful. Many animal experiments have already proved that through this intervention can improve animal metabolic function of the heart. Are listed below.   in isolated myocardial cells cultured in medium with ribose (0.5 mmo1 / L), at 37 ℃ for 40 min, make adenine nucleotides (AN, the ATP + ADP + AMP) synthesis increased by 10 times; rat heart by isoproterenol (25 mg / kg) stimulated by ATP depletion, this time as perfusion ribose (100 mg / kg), the animal heart AN synthesis, PRPP increased metabolic pool, high-dose ribose (200 mg / kg) or isoproterenol stimulation prevents the ATP depletion; in the isolated heart through a temporary hypoxia, such as rat heart after temporary ischemia and 15 min, with ribose 250 mg / kg re-perfusion of 20 min, can improve heart function, increase the ATP level; guinea pig cardiac ischemia 2h, after the use of adenosine (0.1 mmol / L) plus ribose (15 mmol / L) perfusion, inhibit myocardial adenine nucleotides and pyrimidine nucleotide loss; rat heart after 15 min of ischemia, with the ribose 200 mg / (kg * h) reperfusion 72 h, the ATP level after 12 h perfusion recovered to the level before ischemia; dog heart ischemia 15 min, with a ribose 200 mg / (kg * h) re-perfusion of 24 h, can improve the local contraction, increased levels of ATP and AN; permanent ligation of rat myocardial infarction after coronary artery branches, with the ribose 200 mg / (kg * h) perfusion of ATP can increase the level of non-infarct area and improve overall heart function. These studies demonstrate the application of ribose can reduce or completely prevent the metabolic pool of experimental myocardial ATP decrease. If you do not ribose, 15 min ischemia in rats reversible ATP can be reduced by 40% in after reperfusion, ATP content only slightly restored, this may be due to phosphorylation of ADP again, but even after 3 d, or less than the control group. When a vein perfused with ribose, ATP 12 h after the return to a normal, than those who do not have the metabolism of ribose shorten the recovery period at least 60 h [3].     intact rats, in some pathological cases, the myocardial ATP metabolism in cardiac function library and a good correlation. For example, by oppression, abdominal aorta and the combined effects of subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol can induce various hemodynamic parameters in rats is low, this combined intervention after 24 h, only 0.9% NaCl by continuous perfusion in the heart of animals ATP levels and cardiac function were worse. If you give ribose 24 h, the biosynthesis of cardiac adenine nucleotides was stimulated to some degree, that is, metabolism of ATP and total adenine nucleotide pool have been reduced to prevent. Metabolism also is accompanied by the suppression of the normal left ventricular pressure and left ventricular pressure maximal rate of increase of the normalization. Ribose can be seen the overall function of the heart can be restored and accompanied by the recovery of myocardial adenosine metabolic pool [6].     when the heart because the left descending coronary artery ligation in rats induced by experimental myocardial infarction, cardiac function was badly damaged at this time, left ventricular systolic pressure, left ventricular pressure increase the maximum rate and pressure - heart rate - the output is gradually declining. Left ventricular end diastolic pressure, cardiac output and stroke volume decreased. ATP non-infarct area after 24 h than in the control group, within 3 d after the return to the control group. Ribose continuous infusion can reduce the number of indicators of the decline in ATP levels increased non-infarct area and improve overall cardiac function [7].   4 Application of the clinical experience of ribose   ribose has been applied to patients. Is the first reported in 1982 for the treatment of ribose adenosine deaminase defective muscle of patients (MAD) [8]. MAD is a skeletal muscle metabolic diseases, patients feel muscle weakness, fatigue, pain, cramps, and exercise time increased. Ribose treatment can increase the patient an average of 29% of static muscle strength, especially in the proximal arm and leg muscles. Patients taking ribose, facial elasticity and health has also improved. Dose for this patient daily 50 ~ 60g. This dose was well tolerated with no side effects. With McArdle's disease (glycogen storage disease, V-type) of the patients after the application of the maximum capacity of ribose increased from 60 W to 100 W, exercise almost completely disappeared after the seizure [9].   recent experiments using pigs found that after using ribose can improve the detection of myocardial ischemia. Ribose can promote redistribution of thallium 210. 1 or 4 h redistribution thallium test, can be found using the ribose group is able to detect than the saline group was almost 2 times a large reversible thallium defect area [10]. Visible ribose can improve survival detection of myocardial ischemia.   5 ribose or nucleotide precursors and drug combination   ribose the biggest advantage is that it works by affecting the metabolism, but also a natural material. When people care about the function of the heart and circulatory system may consider the use of ribose. Ribose treatment of cardiovascular disease and other combination drugs, such as calcium channel blockers verapamil (Verapamil), β-blockers Mopu lol (Motoprolol), will not interfere with each other [11,You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login,12] . So when ribose is an important treatment of cardiovascular disease secondary drug.   studies have found that ribose and adenosine combined to achieve maximum protection of the heart. In the rat heart by isoproterenol to reduce the level of metabolic pool of ATP, a continuous intravenous ribose 5 h, can not be completely against the effects of isoproterenol. However, if combined with adenosine ribose, the ATP level can be completely restored to normal. The results showed that the increase in AMP biosynthesis alone (using ribose) or increase the remedy alone (using adenosine or inosine) are not restored within 5 h ATP levels induced by isoproterenol reduced. Only when the PRPP ribose increased after metabolic pool (about 12 h), ATP can be restored to its original level [13]. Therefore, the clinical use of ribose, the slower its role should be considered a factor.   joint use of ribose and adenosine also liver and kidney function is good. Mouse liver perfusion model the depletion of a period of time after ischemia re-perfusion, the liver perfused with ribose, ATP levels recover much faster than the control group, 1 min after re-perfusion returned to normal [14]. Renal biopsy of dogs, such as ribose and adenosine containing nutrient solution frozen 5 d, the ATP levels and total adenylate content than the control group, and its water content to maintain normal levels [15].   view of D-ribose in the protection of the unique role of cardiac function, into health care products have been developed abroad, the prospect attractive.