Developed fuel cell technology development progress and dynamic _3142

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Progress in fuel cell technology development performance of developed countries
 
 
This stage, the most important and most promising way is to use hydrogen fuel cells. While both fuel cell is the only non-polluting, efficient, widely applicable, without noise and with continuous work and the building blocks of the power source, the main way automotive applications. Western automakers over the past 10 years in research and development investment on the fuel cell up to 100 billion U.S. dollars, of which 80% for the development of fuel cell vehicles. The next 5 years into the West at least in this area will increase by 40 billion U.S. dollars. In 2002 the U.S. government investment in fuel cell research approximately 2.2 billion U.S. dollars, Japan's R & D budget to 2.2 billion U.S. dollars. Arthur D. Little estimates that the United States in 2007, fuel cells in transportation of commercial value will reach 90 billion U.S. dollars. United States, Germany, Japan, in the current fuel cell technology research and development (hydrogen energy development) in a leading position.

Main types of fuel cells proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC, the most promising); alkaline fuel cell (AFC); phosphate-type fuel cell (PAFC); molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC); solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC).   
applications of fuel cells table
 
 
 
PEMFC 
AFC 
PAFC 
MCFC 
SOFC   
Fixed
Distributed
Power 
Grid side 
Centralized 
Not 
Not 
Not 
May 
May   
Distributed 
Not 
Not 
Not 
May 
May   
Renewable power generation 
Not 
Not 
May 
May 
May   
The user side of the power generation 
Residential 
May 
Study 
Not 
Study 
May   
Commercial 
May 
Study 
May 
May 
May   
Light 
Study 
Study 
May 
May 
May   
Heavy 
Not 
Not 
May 
May 
May   
Traffic 
Power plant 
Light 
May 
Not 
Not 
Not 
Not   
Heavy 
May 
Not 
Study 
Study 
Study   
Auxiliary power 
Light & Heavy 
May 
Not 
Not 
Not 
May   
Portable 
Application  Premium 
Entertainment, military 
May 
Not 
Not 
Not 
May   
Micro 
Electronics, military 
Not 
Not 
Not 
Not     
Source: DOE Information Institute of Shanghai Science and Technology Chung Ting finishing

  I. alkaline fuel cell (AFC) 

The battery 35% ~ 45% KOH as electrolyte penetration in the porous membrane matrix and inert material, the working temperature is less than 100 ℃. Advantage of this type of battery is the oxygen in the electrochemical reaction rate of alkaline solution than in acidic medium large, so a larger current density and output power. But the oxidant should be pure oxygen, a larger battery in the precious metal catalyst, while utilization is not high. Currently, such fuel cell technology is very mature and has been successful space flight and submarine applications. The development of alkaline fuel cell technology is the core of carbon dioxide to avoid the destruction of alkaline electrolyte composition, whether the air a few parts per million of carbon dioxide in the composition or restructuring of the hydrocarbon gas containing carbon dioxide when used, should be carried out to In addition to treatment, it will increase the overall system cost. In addition, the electrochemical reaction of the battery must be discharged in the water to maintain water balance. Therefore, simplifying the drainage system and control system is the development of alkaline fuel cells need to address the core technology.

  II. Acid fuel cell (PAFC) 

The battery with phosphoric acid as the electrolyte, the working temperature of 200 ℃. Its outstanding advantage is that with the ratio of noble metal catalyst fuel cells significantly reduced alkaline hydroxide, a reducing agent greatly reduce the purity requirements, carbon monoxide may allow up to 5%. Such batteries are generally organic hydrocarbon fuel, positive and negative electrodes made of porous PTFE electrodes coated with Pt as the catalyst and the electrolyte is 85% H3PO4. 100 ~ 200 ℃ in the range of stable, conductive and strong. Phosphoric acid fuel cell battery production costs than other low, close to the extent available for civilian use. Currently, the international power of great practical fuel cell power stations are using this fuel cell. The United States will Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell as a national key research projects to research and development, selling to the world-class 200kW phosphoric acid fuel cell, made in Japan out of the world's largest (11MW) phosphoric acid fuel cell. By early 2002, the United States has been tested in the world installed 235 sets of 200kW PAFC power plant, generating 4.7 million hours accumulated. In the United States and Japan, have several sets of equipment has reached 10,000 hours of continuous power design goals. Europe has 5 sets of 200kW PAFC power plant in operation. Furi Electric and Mitsubishi of Japan have developed a 500kW PAFC electrical power generation systems. China's Wei Zidong other people Pt3 (Fe / Co) / C catalysts for oxygen reduction potential, and proposed Fe / Co on Pt anchoring effect. Phosphoric acid fuel cell power generation technology has been rapid development, but its long startup time and low heat value of developmental disabilities caused by their development slowed down.   

 
  III. Molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) 

This battery of two or more low-melting mixture of carbonate electrolyte, such as alkali - carbonate inclusive low permeability porous matrix into the electrode for the nickel powder burn and into the cathode powder contains a variety of transition metals as stabilizers, mainly in the United States, Japan and Western Europe, research and use more. 2 ~ 5MW outside the public pipeline molten carbonate fuel cell has come in addressing the performance of MCFC electrolyte migration attenuation and has made a breakthrough, the U.S. Fuel Cell Energy has been tested in the laboratory 263kW MCFC power generation devices. Ansaldo of Italy and Spain Spanishcomp's company to develop 100kW MCFC 500kW MCFC power generating equipment and devices. Japan's Hitachi in 2000 developed a 1M W of MCFC power generation devices. Toshiba developed a low-cost 10kW MCFC plant. MCFC cathode, anode, electrolyte membrane and the bipolar plate is the foundation of the four difficulties, these four components of the integration and management of the MCFC electrolyte batteries and power modules to install and operate the core technology.

  IV. Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) 

Battery electrolyte is a compound oxide, at high temperature (1000 ℃ below),You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login, there is a strong function of ionic conductivity. It is due to calcium, ytterbium or yttrium and other mixed valence lower than the valence of zirconium ions, so that some of the lattice oxygen ions out of the conductive bit empty. All countries in the developing world such batteries, and has been substantial progress, but there are disadvantages: higher production costs; the temperature is too high; dielectric easy to crack; resistance larger. Has developed a tube, flat plate and corrugated and other structure formation of solid oxide fuel cell, this fuel cell is known as third-generation fuel cells. U.S. and Japanese companies are developing 10kW SOFC planar turbine power generator. Siemens - Westinghouse Electric Company is testing a 100kW SOFC tubular reactor work, the work of the United States in the test 25kW SOFC stack. China are at the stage of basic research in SOFC. SOFC at high temperatures brought work to its range of materials, sealing and structural problems, such as electrode sintering, the interface between the electrolyte and electrode chemical diffusion and thermal expansion coefficient mismatch between the different materials and bipolar plate materials of stability. These are to a certain extent, restricts the development of SOFC, as its technological breakthroughs on the key aspects.

  V. proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) 

It is the second AFC, PAFC, MCFC, SOFC developed rapidly after the temperature is the lowest, compared to the highest start the fastest, longest life expectancy, the most widely used fifth-generation fuel cell, it aerospace and military power is developed. In the U.S., American companies, Japan, Sanyo, Mitsubishi and other companies have also developed a portable PEMFC power research reactor. Power Systems of Canada and Japan EBARA companies to research and development of 250kW PEMFC power generation equipment and 1kW PEMFC portable power generation system. Berlin, Germany built a 250kW PEMFC experimental reactor. Proton exchange membrane fuel cell technology is the core of the electrode - film - Preparation of the electrode triple component technology. In order to provide gas diffusion electrode to add proton conductor, and to improve the contact with the membrane electrode, the method by pressing the electrode, membrane, electrode pressed together to form the electrode - film - electrode triple components, which the technical parameters of proton exchange membrane direct impact on the performance of triple-play components, which relates to the battery and the battery pack's operating efficiency. PEMFC restrict the price of their business process, therefore, necessary component to improve its performance, reduce operating costs, is an important direction for the development of PEMFC.

90 years after the beginning of the 20th century, as people's increasing attention to environmental protection and proton exchange membrane fuel cell technology advances and significant advantages of speed, the proton exchange membrane fuel cells in civilian areas, especially in electric the application of vehicle caused governments and enterprises of great concern and have invested heavily in research, so that further PEMFC technology has been rapid development, performance is greatly improved, the cost are reduced. In terms of the use of platinum, Ballard uses a new technology company, has reduced the amount of platinum contained 0.02 mg/cm2. In terms of proton exchange membrane, Ballard developed a new part of the fluorinated BAM3G proton exchange membrane, performance is better than the current series of commonly used Nafion membrane, while the cost is only about 20% of its. PEMFC technology advances have greatly improved the power density, Ballard produced the volume ratio of battery power more than 1300W / L, exceeding the DOE (U.S. Department of Energy) to develop standards for electric cars.
  With the rapid development of PEMFC technology, practical PEMFC has been applied to various fields. German navy has been equipped with a 4 manufactured by Siemens 300KW PEMFC as a power source of the submarine, Ballard has started selling commercial 250KW PEMFC power generation, electric vehicles and various portable PEMFC power, Toyota and other auto companies have commercial launch of fuel cell electric vehicles.