The development of rural markets Ming and Qing Dynasties _1822

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The development of rural markets Ming and Qing Dynasties
 
 
   
     
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33 个, Jiajing increase to 95, million to the 176 lasted more development. [② a] Koji Shunchang County, Fujian Fairs years only four, Jiajing increase to 8; Jianning more from the original one to nine. [③ a] in North China, chow, county fairs and more established in the early Ming; village fair there are quite a point in part is fully integrated in the mid-Ming Dynasty - Masanori years to build, Jiajing - Wanli their number is more rapidly. [④ a] to Jiajing - Wanli, the major provinces and regions across the country in general has begun to take shape to form a network of rural markets (see Table 1, Table 2).     
30, by the early Qing Ming Bingxian flooding, 2 / 3 of the market, or Ming Qi County, Henan Province, [① b] Again, the mid-Ming Dynasty, Guangdong Lingshan a market town 24, Junji dynasty, the Qing Zheng anti-government forces against Taiwan, to move in the implementation of the southeast coast of the sea, and the destruction of many of the port city fair. Waves of the sea state capital Chenghai County Fair due to relocation industry, the original 12 Fair City, plug. High state capital Wuchuan County Fairs in the 77 to 16 for evacuating the waste. [② b]     
24 years after the ban on maritime trade and opening up gradually restored [③ b]. Shandong compiled eight Qianlong to gradually undone from the White Horse Temple, the city of Chan dense today also. [④ b] Another example is the state of North Henan Yu Guan, Xinglong Town, hotel, stores,You are not allowed to view links. Register or Login, coupons bridge they were all set Kangxi 29 years, 30 years to know the state Pan Yungui to know the state set up a second in Dongxue Li River, stores, etc. Set the table; Yongzheng Burkina reason to know the state of gold, Song name, etc. but also has added legislation cypress hills, Vimalakirti Temple, four in the shop, Pennisetum graves, five Longmiao and several sets [⑤ b]. However, Kang Yong years a considerable part of the region is still in the post-war recovery phase, Shandong ten Fuchu market at this time there are six House has not yet recovered to the average level of the Ming Dynasty [⑥ b]. Sixties and seventies, the American scholar Professor Skinner theory into the regional market center of Research [⑦ b], the market research into a new phase. So far the seventies and eighties, many scholars have been at home and abroad during the Ming and Qing provinces and autonomous regions, respectively, the development of rural markets were investigated, at least has been involved in the study area, Sichuan, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, Anhui, Hubei and Hunan, Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangzhou, Shaanxi, Hebei , Shandong and other provinces more than ten (see the author of the Appendix). Most of these studies to retrieve a large number of local history, rural provinces of the Ming and Qing dynasties were the number of market statistics. Here, we will collate and analyze these data, made in Table 1. Among them, Zhejiang and Anhui provinces are mostly due to Local records list only the town, do not mind market and therefore is the town figures, the number of the remaining provinces are fair.     
 

<P Class=MsoNormal style=: Arial ; ⑤ Hua a text (print version) of Schedule 3, when the article was published but not published in this table; ⑥ accounted for a small flood pp Schedule; ⑦ Chen Keng cit (print version) Schedule, the article was published this Table not published; ⑧ Hua b in Table 5. Market data over the provinces, according to the stage in this table by re statistics. Run a ⑨ Ishihara in Table 3, the table is to Qianlong, Kerry set for the sector data into the Qing Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty first half of the latter half of the two parts to this table are classified as early Qing Dynasty, Qing Dynasty two columns, and hence compared to other provinces, this figure could be higher provinces of Qing Dynasty, Qing Dynasty figures may be low.     
     
<P Class=MsoNormal style=: Arial provinces outside the growth is still limited; Qianlong - the number of Daoguang market than most provinces in a significant increase in early Qing Dynasty, which Zhili, Shandong, more than 20% growth in Guangdong, more than 50% in Hubei, Sichuan, Jiangxi figure is more than doubled; clear after the middle of the vast majority of provinces still maintain the trend of continued growth, in addition, the newly developed regions such as the Northeast market is growing rapidly.     
 
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<P Class=MsoNormal style=: Arial Chief Secretary in the Ming Dynasty in thirteen of the market we have seven figures, if combined with Henan, Hubei and Hunan and Guangdong, the Chief Secretary, the nation's major provinces and regions the number of total market down about ten thousand more than the number of early Qing slightly more. Mid-Qing Dynasty, only the table of the total market has 11 provinces, more than 18,000, when coupled with Henan, Shanxi, Hunan, Guangxi and other provinces of the figures, [① c] at least up to 22,000 the total number of national markets -25 000 a, Qing Dynasty when more than thirty thousand.     
 
104 counties, 107 counties in the Qing Dynasty. ③ Ming and Early Qing Jiangsu total of 54 counties, 70 counties in terms of the Qing Dynasty. ④ figures included in the middle of Guangdong to the Qing.     
     
     
100 平方公里 1-2 sets, with an average area of ​​60-90 square kilometers per episode deal, in which more than the plain in the 40 - 60 square kilometers, mostly in mountain areas over 100 square kilometers; The radius of each episode deal, mostly plains 3-5 km, 5-7 km, mostly mountainous, with an average of about 4-6 kilometers. [② c] That is, small-scale trade, only to go to set 1-2 hours away, you can walk half-day round trip; mountain a little far away, and from the day can also be calm; river network of the waterway will be, the actual consumption time will have less. Between provinces is very close to market density, which may be seen as a holistic development of the Qing Dynasty market it.     
4 in the two parts of plain and mountainous areas, plains population density of more than 200 people per square kilometer in the more, the population density of more than 100 mountain below the mountain market density is generally lower than the plain area, sparsely populated and is obviously very important factor. Due to climate, water conditions, the difference between North and South have different farming systems. North China Plain for the dry areas, crops are mostly one crop a year, three crops a year in some areas; and all the provinces south of the Yangtze rice area, most of the two crops a year, conditions are good, but also three crops a year; it is to maintain a person's life, the amount of land required for the North and South are different, the northern dry zone roughly 3-4 acres of crops, while the South only 1-2 acres. Of course, soil, water conditions are different, different degrees of commercialization, the same amount of land the actual earnings will vary a lot. These factors will impact on market demand. Below, we look at differences in each province (see Table 4).       
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